PsycARTICLES is a database of full-text articles from journals published by the American Psychological Association, the APA Educational Publishing Foundation, the Canadian Psychological Association, and Hogrefe & Huber. The database includes all material from the print journals.

The database can be searched in several ways including by specifying keywords that may occur in the article title, abstract, or the full-text, or by author names and journal titles. Each retrieved record has a link to the corresponding full-text article, which is almost always available in PDF format (so Adobe Acrobat reader is needed for viewing) and in HTML format. Each record also has a link to the Table of Contents (TOC) for the issue in which the article is published.

The database can also be searched for articles of interest by browsing directly through the journal titles and then clicking to the tables of contents for the respective volumes and issues. In addition, an alerting function is available that sends an email to the user notifying them that a new issue has been added to the database.

Most of the 63 APA journals included in PsycARTICLES now go back to volume 1, issue 1. The earliest journal is Psychological Review, which was started in 1894. The database also contains journals that are no longer published. For a full list, click here.

Articles published from 1985 forward are in both PDF and HTML format. Articles published prior to 1985 are available only in PDF format. All PDFs are searchable.

Title	Leadership and the fate of organizations.
Author	Kaiser, Robert B.1; Hogan, Robert2; Craig, S. Bartholomew13
Affiliation	((1)Kaplan DeVries Inc., Greensboro, North Carolina; (2)Hogan Assessment Systems, Tulsa, Oklahoma; (3)Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University
Source	American Psychologist. Vol. 63(2), February 2008, pp. 96-110
ISSN	0003-066X
Electronic ISSN	1935-990X
Descriptors	Leadership*; Leadership Qualities*; Measurement*; Organizational Effectiveness*;
Abstract	This article concerns the real-world importance of leadership for the success or failure of organizations and social institutions. The authors propose conceptualizing leadership and evaluating leaders in terms of the performance of the team or organization for which they are responsible. The authors next offer a taxonomy of the dependent variables used as criteria in leadership studies. A review of research using this taxonomy suggests that the vast empirical literature on leadership may tell us more about the success of individual managerial careers than the success of these people in leading groups, teams, and organizations. The authors then summarize the evidence showing that leaders do indeed affect the performance of organizations--for better or for worse--and conclude by describing the mechanisms through which they do so. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)
Email Address	rkaiser@kaplandevries.com
Contact Individual	Robert B. Kaiser, Kaplan DeVries Inc., 1903-G Ashwood Court, Greensboro, NC 27455, rkaiser@kaplandevries.com
DOI	10.1037/0003-066X.63.2.96
Publisher	American Psychological Association
Language	English
Publication Year	2008
Publication Type	Journal; Peer Reviewed Journal; Journal Article
Format Availability	Electronic; Print
Format Covered	Electronic
Identifiers	leadership; leadership effectiveness; organizational psychology; mechanisms of organizational performance
Population	Human; Male; Female
Classification	3640 Management & Management Training
Peer Reviewed	Yes
References	1. Agle, B. R., Nagarajan, N. J., Sonnenfeld, J. A. & Srinivasan, D. (2006). Does CEO charisma matter? An empirical analysis of the relationships among organizational performance, environmental uncertainty, and top management team perception of CEO charisma. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 161–174.
	2. Anderson, S. D. & Wanberg, K. W. (1991). A convergent validity model of emergent leadership in groups. Small Group Research, 22, 380–397.
	3. Avolio, B. J., Sosik, J. J., Jung, D. I. & Berson, Y. (2003). Leadership models, methods, and applications. Handbook of psychology, 12, 277–307.
	4. Bales, R. F. (1950). A set of categories for the analysis of small group interaction. American Sociological Review, 15, 257–263.
	5. Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99-120.
	6. Barrick, M. R., Day, D. V., Lord, R. G. & Alexander, R. A. (1991). Assessing the utility of executive leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 2, 9-22.
	7. Bass, B. M. (1954). The leaderless group discussion. Psychological Bulletin, 51, 465-492.
	8. Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectation. New York: Free Press. Cited by 738
	9. Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass and Stogdill's handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications (3rd ed.). New York: Free Press. Cited by 291
	10. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1997). Full range leadership development: Manual for the Mutifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden Inc. Cited by 49
	11. Bebchuk, L., & Fried, J. (2004). Pay without performance: The unfulfilled promise of executive compensation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Cited by 10
	12. Bentz, V. J. (1985, August). A view from the top: A thirty year perspective of research devoted to the discovery, description, and prediction of executive behavior. Paper presented at the 93rd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, CA. Cited by 9
	13. Bertrand, M. & Schoar, A. (2003). Managing with style: The effect of managers on firm policies. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118, 1169-1208. Cited by 8
	14. Bloom, N. & Van Reenen, J. M. (2006). Measuring and explaining management practices across firms and countries. Measuring and explaining management practices across firms and countries, 23, 2007, from http://ssrn.com /abstract=902568.
	15. Bono, J. E. & Judge, T. A. (2004). Personality and transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 901-910.
	16. Bray, D. W. & Grant, D. L. (1966). The assessment center in the measurement of potential for business management. Psychological Monographs, 80, 17. Cited by 48
	17. Brown, D. J. & Keeping, L. M. (2005). Elaborating the construct of transformational leadership: The role of affect. Leadership Quarterly, 16, 245-272.
	18. Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Klein, C., Goodwin, G. F., Salas, E. & Halpin, S. M. (2006). What types of leadership behaviors are functional in teams. Leadership Quarterly, 17, 288-307.
	19. Burns, J. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row. Cited by 545
Update	2008218
Accession Number	2008-01689-002

The following field codes are found in the records of this database. Here they are listed in alphabetical order by two-letter code.

AB = Abstract	IT = Issue Title
AE = AGE	JN = Journal Name
AF = Affiliation	KW = Keywords
AN = Accession Number	LA = Language
AU = Author	ME = Methodology
CA = Corporate Author	LO = Location
CF = Conference	NR = Number of References
CI = Contact Individual	PB = Publisher
CL = Classification	PO = Population
DE = Descriptors	PT = Publication Type
DO = DOI	PY = Publication Year
EI = Electronic ISSN	RE = References
FV = Format Availability	SD = Supplemental Data
FC = Format Covered	SO = Source
GI = Grant Information	TM = Tests & Measures
ID = Identifiers	TI = Title
IS = ISSN	UD = Update

Classification, CL=

PsycINFO classifications describe broad areas of the field of psychology. Each includes a 4-digit code that, when sorted numerically, orders the categories hierarchically by subject area. All PsycINFO records are classified according to the most specific category applicable. The classification scheme is shown below. To search for a specific category, use either the word(s) or the code, e.g.: cl=(clinical psychology testing) CL=2224 To search for everything in a hierarchy, truncate the code, e.g.: CL=22* (Note, for very large hierarchies, truncating may slow the search process.)
2100	General Psychology
2140	History & Systems
2200	Psychometrics & Statistics & Methodology
2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227 2228 2229 2240 2260	Tests & Testing Sensory & Motor Testing Developmental Scales & Schedules Personality Scales & Inventories Clinical Psychological Testing Neuropsychological Assessment Health Psychology Testing Educational Measurement Occupational & Employment Testing Consumer Opinion & Attitude Testing Statistics & Mathematics Research Methods & Experimental Design
2300	Human Experimental Psychology
2320 2323 2326 2330 2340 2343 2346 2360 2380 2390	Sensory Perception Visual Perception Auditory & Speech Perception Motor Processes Cognitive Processes Learning & Memory Attention Motivation & Emotion Consciousness State Parapsychology
2400	Animal Experimental & Comparative Psychology
2420 2440	Learning & Motivation Social & Instinctive Behavior
2500	Physiological Psychology & Neuroscience
2510 2520 2530 2540 2560 2580	Genetics Neuropsychology & Neurology Electrophysiology Physiological Processes Psychophysiology Psychopharmacology
2600	Psychology & the Humanities
2610 2630	Literature & Fine Arts Philosophy Philosophy
2700	Communication Systems
2720 2750	Linguistics & Language & Speech Mass Media Communications
2800	Developmental Psychology
2820 2840 2860	Cognitive & Perceptual Development Psychosocial & Personality Development Gerontology
2900	Social Processes & Social Issues
2910 2920 2930 2950 2953 2956 2960 2970 2980 2990	Social Structure & Organization Religion Culture & Ethnology Marriage & Family Divorce & Remarriage Childrearing & Child Care Political Processes & Political Issues Sex Roles & Women's Issues Sexual Behavior & Sexual Orientation Drug & Alcohol Usage (Legal)
3000	Social Psychology
3020 3040	Group & Interpersonal Processes Social Perception & Cognition
3100	Personality Psychology
3120 3140 3143	Personality Traits & Processes Personality Theory Psychoanalytic Theory
3200	Psychological & Physical Disorders
3210 3211 3213 3215 3217 3230 3233 3236 3250 3253 3256 3260 3270 3280 3290 3291 3293 3295 3297 3299	Psychological Disorders Affective Disorders Schizophrenia & Psychotic States Neuroses & Anxiety Disorders Personality Disorders Behavior Disorders & Antisocial Behavior Substance Abuse & Addiction Criminal Behavior & Juvenile Delinquency Developmental Disorders & Autism Learning Disorders Mental Retardation Eating Disorders Speech & Language Disorders Environmental Toxins & Health Physical & Somatoform & Psychogenic Disorders Immunological Disorders Cancer Cardiovascular Disorders Neurological Disorders & Brain Damage Vision & Hearing & Sensory Disorders
3300	Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention
3310 3311 3312 3313 3314 3315 3340 3350 3351 3353 3355 3357 3360 3361 3363 3365 3370 3371 3373 3375 3377 3379 3380 3383 3384 3385 3386	Psychotherapy & Psychotherapeutic Counseling Cognitive Therapy Behavior Therapy & Behavior Modification Group & Family Therapy Interpersonal & Client Centered & Humanistic Therapy Psychoanalytic Therapy Clinical Psychotherapeutic Counseling Specialized Interventions Clinical Hypnosis Self Help Groups Lay & Paraprofessional & Pastoral Counseling Art & Music & Movement Therapy Health Psychology & Medicine Behavioral & Psychological Treatment of Physical Illness Medical Treatment of Physical Illness Promotion & Maintenance of Health & Wellness Health & Mental Health Services Outpatient Services Community & Social Services Home Care & Hospice Nursing Homes & Residential Care Inpatient & Hospital Services Rehabilitation Drug & Alcohol Rehabilitation Occupational & Vocational Rehabilitation Speech & Language Therapy Criminal Rehabilitation & Penology
3400	Professional Psychological & Health Personnel Issues
3410 3430 3450 3470	Professional Education & Training Professional Personnel Attitudes & Characteristics Professional Ethics & Standards & Liability Impaired Professionals
3500	Educational Psychology
3510 3530 3550 3560 3570 3575 3580	Educational Administration & Personnel Curriculum & Programs & Teaching Methods Academic Learning & Achievement Classroom Dynamics & Student Adjustment & Attitudes Special & Remedial Education Gifted & Talented Educational/Vocational Counseling & Student Services
3600	Industrial & Organizational Psychology
3610 3620 3630 3640 3650 3660 3670	Occupational Interests & Guidance Training Personnel Evaluation & Job Performance Management & Management Training Personnel Attitudes & Job Satisfaction Organizational Behavior Working Conditions & Industrial Safety
3700	Sport Psychology & Leisure
3720 3740	Sports Recreation & Leisure
3800	Military Psychology
3900	Consumer Psychology
3920 3940	Consumer Attitudes & Behavior Marketing & Advertising
4000	Engineering & Environmental Psychology
4010 4030 4050 4070 4090	Human Factors Engineering Lifespace & Institutional Design Community & Environmental Planning Environmental Issues & Attitudes Transportation
4100	Intelligent Systems
4120 4140 4160	Artificial Intelligence & Expert Systems Robotics Neural Networks
4200	Forensic Psychology & Legal Issues
4210 4230 4250 4270 4290	Civil Rights & Civil Law Criminal Law & Adjudication Mediation & Conflict Resolution Crime Prevention Police & Legal Personnel

Format Availability, FA=

Specifies the format types available for the source document. Appears in Journal Article, Book, Book Chapter, Dissertation, and Technical Report records, if available. Format Availability is included in records with a 2001 release date and later.

Format Covered, FC=

Specifies the source document format type actually covered in the PsycINFO database. Appears in Journal Article, Book, Book Chapter, Dissertation, and Technical Report records.

Location, LO=


Location contains a standardized description of continents, regions, and country names, related to the content of the document. This field may contain multiple locations.

To search a specific location, enter the word, e.g.:

lo=(switzerland)

Alternatively, use the browsable index and select from the location terms displayed there.

Population, PO=

Population contains a standardized description of specific populations related to the content of the document. These include: human, animal, male, female, inpatient, outpatient.

To search a specific population, enter the word, e.g.:

po=(female)

Alternatively, use the browsable index and select from the population or age group terms displayed there.

Age, AE=

Age groups are indexed as follows:

Childhood (birth-12 yrs)
Neonatal ( birth-1 mo)
Infancy (1-23 MO)
Preschool Age (2-5 yrs)
School Age (6-12 yrs)
Adolescence (13-17 yrs)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs)
Thirties (30-39 yrs)
Middle Age (40-64 yrs)
Aged (65 yrs & older)
Very Old (85 yrs & older)

To search age groups, it is only necessary to use the name of the age group, e.g.:

ae=(school age)

Alternatively, use the browsable index and select from the population or age group terms displayed there.

Methodology, ME=

The Methodology field identifies the specific kind of methodology used in a research study. Methodology may contain the following values:

Clinical Case Study
Empirical Study
Experimental Replication
Followup Study
Longitudinal Study
Prospective Study
Retrospective Study
Field Study
Literature Review
Mathematical Model
Meta Analysis
Nonclinical Case Study
Quantitative Study
Treatment Outcome/Randomized Clinical Trial


To search the Methodologies, enter the unique term, e.g.:

me=(clinical case study)

Alternatively, use the browsable index and select from the methodology terms displayed there.

Publication Type, PT=

Identifies the general type of document. The publication types are as follows:
Abstract Collection
Bibliography
Column/Opinion
Comment/Reply
Editorial
Erratum/Correction
Journal
Journal Article
Letter
Obituary
peer-reviewed journal
peer-reviewed status unknown
Publication Information
Review-Book
Review-Media
Review-Software & Other


To search publication type, either enter the unique word(s), e.g.:

pt=(Peer-Reviewed Journal)

Or use the browsable index and select from the publication types displayed there.

References, RE=

Lists references published with journal articles, books, and book chapters.

Comprehensive coverage of cited references began in 2001, but references appear from 1988 on. Additional retrospective references will be added to the database as they become available. All published references are included in the PsycINFO record, except those not referring to publications, those in non-Roman alphabets, and those that cause the character limit of PsycINFO records to be exceeded.

The references appear in APA-style format, and therefore can be searched for any information that would be included in that particular citation style.

Search for an author or authors, e.g.: re=(Ko)

Search for a publication year, e.g.: re=(1989)

Search for a specific publication, e.g.: re=(Behavioral Neuroscience)

Search for a publisher, e.g.: re=(Cambridge University Press)

When constructing your search strategy, please keep in mind the large size of the references field and the numerous citations that one references field could possibly contain. A search for a specific author and publication year in the references field could easily retrieve false hits. For example, a search for re=(costa and 1985) could retrieve the name Costa from citation number two and the 1985 publication date from citation number twelve.

The use of proximity operators in your search strategy can help to eliminate false hits. Incorporate proximity operators into your search strategy to ensure that a search containing two or more separate data elements only retrieves relevant citations, e.g.: re=(Costa) within 12 (1985)

Note: Since the references field can be quite large, it may take a longer period of time for your search results to be retrieved. To eliminate the references field from your search results, select "Full Record - Omit Refs" from the drop-down box of viewing formats in either the Quick Search or the Advanced Search.

Reviewed Work, RV=

Contains information of a reviewed item in the PsycINFO record. This field may contain the reviewed item's author(s), title, source, publication year, and more. Appears in journal article records only.

Supplemental Data, SD=

Contains supplemental data or other information found either appended to the print source or available on the Internet. May appear for all publication types. Some supplemental data values may be appended with "Available" or "Internet Available."

Data types include the following:


3-D Modeling Images
Appendixes
Audio
Data Sets
DVD/CD
Tables and Figures
Web Sites
Video
Workbook/Study Guide
Other


Tests & Measures, TM=

Contains the names of published tests and measures mentioned in the source document. This field may contain multiple tests or measures.

To search for a record containing a particular test or measure, enter the test or measure name, e.g.:

tm=(wechsler intelligence scale for children)